Geroscience encyclopedia
Ultimate Longevity Bible
A research-grounded encyclopedia of longevity science. Plain-language summaries of the hallmarks of aging, interventions, biomarkers, and the researchers shaping the field.
The Twelve Hallmarks of Aging
Based on the López-Otín et al. 2023 framework.
- 01
Altered Intercellular Communication
Age-related changes in hormonal, neuronal, and immune signalling between cells and tissues.
- 02
Cellular Senescence
Stable cell-cycle arrest accompanied by a pro-inflammatory secretome (SASP) that propagates dysfunction to neighbouring tissue.
- 03
Chronic Inflammation
Persistent low-grade systemic inflammation ("inflammaging") that accelerates most major age-related diseases.
- 04
Deregulated Nutrient-Sensing
Loss of homeostasis in the insulin/IGF-1, mTOR, AMPK, and sirtuin pathways that translate nutrient state into growth and repair decisions.
- 05
Disabled Macroautophagy
Decline in the bulk recycling pathway that engulfs and degrades cellular components, especially damaged mitochondria and protein aggregates.
- 06
Dysbiosis
Age-related shift in gut microbial composition and function, with knock-on effects on metabolism, immunity, and the brain.
- 07
Epigenetic Alterations
Age-related changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodelling that drift cells away from youthful gene-expression patterns.
- 08
Genomic Instability
Accumulation of DNA damage over the lifespan, driven by both endogenous and environmental insults.
- 09
Loss of Proteostasis
Decline in the cell's ability to fold, refold, and degrade proteins, leading to accumulation of misfolded and aggregated species.
- 10
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Age-related decline in mitochondrial bioenergetics, biogenesis, and quality control, with downstream effects on ROS, inflammation, and cell death.
- 11
Stem Cell Exhaustion
Decline in the number and regenerative capacity of tissue-specific stem cells, impairing replacement of dying or damaged cells.
- 12
Telomere Attrition
Progressive shortening of chromosomal end-caps with each cell division, triggering senescence or apoptosis.
Browse by topic
Hallmarks of Aging
The twelve biological processes underlying aging.
12 entries
Interventions
Drugs, supplements, and behaviors studied for longevity.
8 entries
Biomarkers
Measurements used to track biological age and healthspan.
4 entries
Nutrition
Dietary patterns with evidence in longevity research.
4 entries
Researchers
Scientists shaping the field of geroscience.
4 entries
Clinical Trials
Notable human trials of longevity interventions.
4 entries
Longevity Clinics
Overview of commercial longevity-medicine providers.
4 entries